Report: Comparative Analysis of PFAS Treatment Options for Small to Mid-Sized Water Systems

Student-led report comparing GAC, ion exchange, and reverse osmosis PFAS treatment for small systems.

Comparative analysis report from The Water Center at Penn covering three leading PFAS treatment technologies for small and mid-sized water systems: granular activated carbon (GAC), ion exchange (IX), and reverse osmosis (RO). Compares system configurations, regeneration practices, capital and operating expenses, average system flows, and costs per 1,000 gallons treated. Report highlights IX as the most favorable option for many small/mid systems, with caveats based on local needs.